Medicalized FGM can take place in a public or private clinic, at home or elsewhere. This strategy reflects consensus between international experts, United Nations entities and the Member States they represent. In addition, the global commitment to eliminate all forms of FGM by is clearly stated in target 5.
Even when the procedure is performed in a sterile environment and by a health-care professional, there can be serious health consequences immediately and later in life.
Medicalized FGM gives a false sense of security. In addition, there is no medical justification for FGM. Advocating any form of cutting or harm to the genitals of girls and women, and suggesting that medical personnel should perform it is unacceptable from a public health and human rights perspective. Several studies have shown that girls can be subjected to FGM repeatedly when members of their family or community are dissatisfied with the results of earlier procedures.
And because medical personnel often hold power, authority and respect in society, it can also further institutionalize the procedure. This programme works with governments, civil society organizations, networks of religious leaders, parliamentarians, youth and human rights activists, and academia to:.
The Joint Programme recognizes that eliminating FGM requires communities to make a collective and coordinated choice so that no single girl or family is disadvantaged by the decision.
This approach has seen progress. Civil society organizations are implementing community-led education and dialogue sessions on human rights and health. These networks are helping a growing number of communities declare their abandonment of FGM.
A shift has occurred among religious leaders, many of whom have gone from endorsing the practice to actively condemning it. There has been a growing number of public declarations de-linking FGM from religion and supporting of abandonment of the practice.
Health workers have been trained to treat complications caused by FGM, including the integration of FGM care into medical education curriculum. Referral systems that build coordination between health providers and community actors and organizations have also been strengthened. Several countries have passed new national legislation banning FGM and developed national policies with concrete steps to achieve the abandonment of FGM.
Radio networks have aired call-in shows about the harm caused by FGM. The use of media to galvanize public opinion against the practice has helped change perceptions and transformed public perceptions of girls who remain uncut.
Penalties range from a minimum of six months to a maximum of life in prison. Several countries also include monetary fines in the penalty. The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development recognizes that violence against women is a widespread phenomenon. It states, "In a number of countries, harmful practices meant to control women's sexuality have led to great suffering. The Programme of Action calls for "Governments and communities [to] urgently take steps to stop the practice of female genital cutting and protect women and girls from all such similar unnecessary and dangerous practices.
Steps to eliminate the practice should include strong community outreach programmes involving village and religious leaders, education and counselling about its impact on girls' and women's health, and appropriate treatment and rehabilitation for girls and women who have suffered cutting. Services should include counselling for women and men to discourage the practice. Chapter 4, para 4. Most governments in countries where FGM is practiced have ratified international conventions and declarations that make provisions for the promotion and protection of the health of women and girls.
For example:. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims the right of all human beings to live in conditions that enable them to enjoy good health and health care art. Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has five articles which together form a basis to condemn FGM: article 2 on discrimination, article 3 concerning the right to security of person, article 5 on cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, article 12 on privacy, and article 25 on the right to a minimum standard of living including adequate health care and protection of motherhood.
The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees defines who is a refugee, what their rights are, and explains the legal obligations of states. Those fleeing the threat of FGM qualify for refugee status. The International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights condemn discrimination on the grounds of sex and recognize the universal right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health art.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires State Parties to: "take all appropriate measure to modify or abolish customs and practices which constitute discrimination against women" art. General recommendation 24 of the Convention emphasizes that certain cultural or traditional practices, such as FGM, carry a high risk of death and disability and recommends that State parties should ensure laws that prohibit FGM.
General recommendation 14 recommends State parties take appropriate and effective measures to eradicate FGM; to collect and disseminate basic data on traditional practices; to support women's organizations that work for the elimination of harmful practices; to encourage politicians, professionals, religious and community leaders to co-operate in influencing attitudes; to introduce appropriate educational and training programmes; to include appropriate strategies aimed at ending FGM into national health policies; to invite assistance, information and advice from the appropriate organization of the United Nations system; and to include in their reports to the Committee, under articles 10 and 12 of the Convention, information about measures taken to eliminate FGM.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child protects against all forms of mental and physical violence and maltreatment art The Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women urges governments, international organizations and non-governmental groups to develop policies and programmes to eliminate all forms of discrimination against girls, including female genital cutting. Article 4 focuses on integrity of the person, article 5 on human dignity and protection against degradation, article 16 on the right to health, and article 18 3 on the protection of the rights of women and children.
The Addis Ababa Declaration on Violence against Women serves as an important step towards the formulation of an African charter on violence against women, providing the framework for national laws against FGM. The United Nations Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee approved a resolution that calls upon States to implement national legislation and policies that prohibit traditional or customary practices that damage the health of women and girls, including FGM.
Key Actions for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development calls for governments to promote the human rights of women and girls and ensure their freedom from coercion, discrimination and violence, including harmful practices. It also calls for governments to ensure health providers are knowledgeable and trained to serve clients who have been subjected to harmful practices. Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action recognizes the progress made in national efforts to ban FGM, and points out that discriminatory attitudes and norms continue to make girls and women vulnerable to gender-based violence, including FGM.
It calls for governments to combat and eliminate violence against women. The European Parliament adopted a resolution on female genital mutilation calling for measures to protect survivors of the practice and urging member states to recognize the right to asylum for women and girls at risk of being subject to FGM.
European Parliament Resolution of 14 June focused on ending female genital mutilation. Demographic Perspectives on Female Genital Mutilation. Jacqueline Smith. Nahid Toubia, Caring for women with circumcision. A technical manual for healthcare providers. Rainbo, The enacted legislation included felony charges to perpetrators, prosecution of practitioners, parents, guardians, and FGM facilitators, as well as license revocation for medical professionals, among others.
It is expected that laws in other states , such as Hawaii, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Kentucky, Washington state, and the District of Columbia will get enacted during the legislative session ending in May.
The WHO recognizes FGM as a human rights violation perpetrated upon little girls and women, and it is estimate than at least hundred million women have been cut. It takes place among all religious groups , including Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The United States needs to address this issue and join efforts to end this hideous practice before The summer holidays are when many young girls are taken abroad, often to their family's birth country, to have FGM performed.
If you're worried about FGM, print out this statement, take it abroad with you and show it to your family. UK website, which is also available in other languages. Habari zaidi kuhusu ukeketaji wa wanawake — Swahili version PDF, kb.
Page last reviewed: 20 May Next review due: 20 May It's illegal in the UK and is child abuse. It's very painful and can seriously harm the health of women and girls. It can also cause long-term problems with sex, childbirth and mental health. Getting help and support All women and girls have the right to control what happens to their bodies and the right to say no to FGM. If someone is in immediate danger, contact the police immediately by dialling If you're concerned that someone may be at risk, contact the NSPCC helpline on or fgmhelp nspcc.
Types of FGM There are 4 main types of FGM: type 1 clitoridectomy — removing part or all of the clitoris type 2 excision — removing part or all of the clitoris and the inner labia the lips that surround the vagina , with or without removal of the labia majora the larger outer lips type 3 infibulation — narrowing the vaginal opening by creating a seal, formed by cutting and repositioning the labia other harmful procedures to the female genitals, including pricking, piercing, cutting, scraping or burning the area FGM is often performed by traditional circumcisers or cutters who do not have any medical training.
Effects of FGM There are no health benefits to FGM and it can cause serious harm, including: constant pain pain and difficulty having sex repeated infections, which can lead to infertility bleeding, cysts and abscesses problems peeing or holding pee in incontinence depression , flashbacks and self-harm problems during labour and childbirth, which can be life threatening for mother and baby Some girls die from blood loss or infection as a direct result of the procedure.
FGM and pregnancy Some women with FGM may find it difficult to become pregnant, and those who do conceive can have problems in childbirth. FGM and mental health FGM can be an extremely traumatic experience that can cause emotional difficulties throughout life, including; depression anxiety flashbacks to the time of the cutting nightmares and other sleep problems In some cases, women may not remember having the FGM at all, especially if it was performed when they were an infant.
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The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Reproductive system - female. Home Reproductive system - female. Female genital cutting or circumcision FGC. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. Different types of female genital cutting Health impacts of female genital cutting What the law says about Female genital cutting in Victoria De-infibulation after FGC Where to get help.
Different types of female genital cutting The different types of FGC are classified by the extent of the practice involved.
The hood of skin that sits over the clitoris prepuce is removed. The clitoris may or may not be removed in part or in total. The entire clitoris is removed.
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